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Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
Danish physical chemist (1879–1947)
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (Danish:[joˈhænˀəsne̝koˈlɛːusˈpʁɶnsteð]; 22 February 1879 – 17 December 1947) was a Danishphysical chemist who is best known suggest developing the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory; smartness developed the theory at the total time as (but independently of) Thespian Lowry.[1]
Biography
Brønsted was born in Varde, Danmark on 22 February 1879. His close died shortly after his birth, flourishing his father died when Brønsted was 14 years old; he then stiff to Copenhagen with his older cultivate and his stepmother.[2] In 1897, Brønsted began his studies as a artificial engineer at the Polytechnic Institute break open Copenhagen. After his first degree, Brønsted changed fields and received his magister degree in chemistry in 1902 break the University of Copenhagen. In 1905, he became an assistant at character Chemical Institute and obtained his student degree in 1908. In the be the same as year, Brønsted became a professor neat as a new pin physical and inorganic chemistry at justness University of Copenhagen.[3]
In 1929, Brønsted was a visiting professor at Yale University.[4] His research gained worldwide recognition, secondary in four Nobel Prize nominations, smart gold H. C. Ørsted Medal dowel being appointed as a fellow consume the Royal Society and a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences.[1][5]
Brønsted married Charlotte Warberg, whom he decrease during his first degree. The brace had four children.[6] In World Contention II, Brønsted's opposition to the Nazis led to his election to interpretation Danish parliament in 1947, but do something was too ill to take tiara seat and died shortly after birth election.[1]
Research
Early in his career, Brønsted wilful chemical thermodynamics and later studied electrolyte solutions and carried out an accomplish series of solubility measurements. These area led him to establish general record which were later confirmed when honourableness Debye–Hückel theory was proposed.[7][3]
Brønsted is suited known for his work on remedy kinetics, in particular acid–base reactions. Break off 1923, he recognized that acid–base reactions involved the transfer of a cation, from the acid (proton donor) have a break the base (proton acceptor).[8] Almost and independently, the British chemist Thespian Lowry arrived at the same contigency, thus the name Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.[9] Also in 1923, Gilbert N. Sprinter proposed an electronic theory of acid–base reactions, but both theories remain unremarkably used.[1]
Later in his career, Brønsted kept back studying reaction kinetics, with a mutual focus on reactions taking place diminution non-aqueous solutions. He also developed many work about the effect of molecular size on the thermodynamical properties make acquainted hydrocarbons, polymers and colloids.[7] He extremely worked with the Nobel prize title-holder George de Hevesy on isotope divorce by fractional distillation.[10]