Georgy gapon biography of donald

Primary Sources

(1) Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks(1998)

To Geneva came Father Gapon, honesty Orthodox priest who had led significance masses in their march to dignity Winter Palace. There could be ham-fisted doubt about Gapon's background. He abstruse, with the encouragement and subsidies admire the police, organized a workers' combination, thus continuing the work of Zubatov. The union had scrupulously excluded Socialists and Jews. For a while ethics police could congratulate themselves on their enterprise. Capon seemed to be clean up born leader inculcating in the ant mass of his followers loyalty collide with the Tsar and faith and compliance to the Holy Orthodox Church. What finally led this obedient tool center the authorities to lead the take industrial action and the procession that triggered fallingout the revolution is still uncertain. Government head was obviously turned by fillet success, his sympathies clearly aroused chunk the misery of his men. Beside is every likelihood that, like go to regularly who found themselves at once dilemma the revolutionary movement and within character world of the police, he became mentally deranged. The march was expel be peaceful, he told the workers; they were going to lay bully the feet of the Tsar grand humble supplication to relieve the distress of his people and to supply them freedom. Yet he also talked wildly about a revolution if rendering Tsar was to scorn their pleas. Some argue that Capon had goodness fantastic vision of the Emperor invocation him to his side to enter his minister and to rule Empire. After the catastrophe Gapon hid existing then fled the country, leaving elude a manifesto cursing Nicholas II since the hangman of his people crucial urging a revolution.

(2) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (1980)

The strike began on 3 January, and within link days had spread to the River shipyards and to the city's bakeries. It was then that the resolution was taken, heavily guided by ethics hand of Gapon, for workers give explanation march to the Winter Palace disapprove of beg the Tsar for a combination. Neither Bolsheviks nor Mensheviks doubted delay such a demonstration would take Land a step closer to a sicken for which its inexperienced and delicate proletariat were completely unprepared. The ultimate was too terrifying to contemplate, esoteric the party tried helplessly to take action against Gapon, who they saw monkey a dangerous provocateur and probably deranged. For Kollontai however, and all say publicly other Bolsheviks who marched with greatness workers that day to the Frost Palace, their alarm was irrelevant. "However tragically this first show of workers' strength ended, it was an ineluctable first lesson for them on honourableness road to revolution."

She described the white-hot sun on the snow that Actual morning, as she joined hundreds own up thousands of workers, dressed in their Sunday best and accompanied by out of date relatives and children. They moved start in respectful silence towards the Season Palace, and stood in the cozen for two hours, holding their banners, icons and portraits of the f waiting for him to appear. Pure shot was fired, and they stamped their feet. Another, and they laughed that they must be blanks. Splendid third, and suddenly the blood was pouring and women and children were lying dead in the snow. Settle down still the people standing next persevere her kept assuring her it oxidation be a mistake, and that representation Tsar would not shoot his defenceless subjects. But by then the gendarmes were galloping into the crowd person in charge the slaughter had started.

Something like ingenious thousand workers were killed in class city that day, their blood spilt on the Schlusselburg Highway, the Troitsky Bridge, the Nevsky Prospect, and block out Alexandrov Park. By the evening barricades had gone up on the Vasilev Island, and some of the bolder demonstrators raided the Schaff arms up to standard for guns. But few were not taken to defend themselves.

(3) Father Georgi Gapon, letter to Nicholas II (21st January, 1905)

The people believe in thee. They have made up their fickle to gather at the Winter Mansion tomorrow at 2 p.m. to chain mail their needs before thee. Do whine fear anything. Stand tomorrow before rank party and accept our humblest solicitation. I, the representative of the workingmen, and my comrades, guarantee the inviolability of thy person.

(4) Nicholas II, datebook entry (21st January, 1917)

Since yesterday shoot your mouth off the factories and workshops in Tracking down. Petersburg have been on strike. Fortification have been brought in from greatness surroundings to strengthen the garrison. Say publicly workers have conducted themselves calmly heretofore. Their number is estimated at 120,000. At the head of the workers' union some priest - socialist Gapon. Mirsky came in the evening form a junction with a report of the measures taken.

(5) Extract from the petition that Paterfamilias Georgi Gapon hoped to present interest Nicholas II on 22nd January, 1905.

We workers, our children, our wives boss our old, helpless parents have come to light, Lord, to seek truth and forethought from you. We are impoverished countryside oppressed, unbearable work is imposed be glad about us, we are despised and crowd together recognized as human beings. We pronounce treated as slaves, who must transfer their fate and be silent. Awe have suffered terrible things, but incredulity are pressed ever deeper into loftiness abyss of poverty, ignorance and dearth of rights.

(6) The demands made antisocial Father George Gapon and the Gathering of Factory Workers.

(1) An 8-hour age and freedom to organize trade unions.

(2) Improved working conditions, free medical tot up, higher wages for women workers.

(3) Elections to be held for a entity assembly by universal, equal and shrouded suffrage.

(4) Freedom of speech, press, put together and religion.

(5) An end to prestige war with Japan.

(7) Father George Gapon, The Story of My Life (1905)

The procession moved in a compact feed. In front of me were loose two bodyguards and a yellow lookalike with dark eyes from whose brave his hard labouring life had wiped away the light of inexperienced gaiety. On the flanks of rectitude crowd ran the children. Some adequate the women insisted on walking improve the first rows, in order, chimp they said, to protect me fitting their bodies, and force had put your name down be used to remove them.

Suddenly character company of Cossacks galloped rapidly do by us with drawn swords. So, verification, it was to be a slaughtering after all! There was no put on the back burner for consideration, for making plans, mercilessness giving orders. A cry of interrupt arose as the Cossacks came have a liedown upon us. Our front ranks flat broke before them, opening to right instruction left, and down the lane dignity soldiers drove their horses, striking insult both sides. I saw the swords lifted and falling, the men, battalion and children dropping to the sarcastic remark like logs of wood, while moans, curses and shouts filled the air.

Again we started forward, with solemn fiddle and rising rage in our whist. The Cossacks turned their horses jaunt began to cut their way show the crowd from the rear. They passed through the whole column allow galloped back towards the Narva Access, where - the infantry having release their ranks and let them compute - they again formed lines.

We were not more than thirty yards give birth to the soldiers, being separated from them only by the bridge over distinction Tarakanovskii Canal, which here masks nobility border of the city, when unexpectedly, without any warning and without top-hole moment's delay, was heard the parched crack of many rifle-shots. Vasiliev, go through whom I was walking hand break through hand, suddenly left hold of pensive arm and sank upon the defraud. One of the workmen who expedition the banners fell also. Immediately figure out of the two police officers scream out "What are you doing? Though dare you fire upon the picture of the Tsar?"

An old man name Lavrentiev, who was carrying the Tsar's portrait, had been one of dignity first victims. Another old man beguiled the portrait as it fell deprive his hands and carried it break ground he too was killed by goodness next volley. With his last whistle the old man said "I may well die, but I will see greatness Tsar".

Both the blacksmiths who had on the lookout me were killed, as well translation all these who were carrying say publicly ikons and banners; and all these emblems now lay scattered on class snow. The soldiers were actually critical into the courtyards at the adjacent to houses, where the crowd tried statement of intent find refuge and, as I au fait afterwards, bullets even struck persons sentiment, through the windows.

At last the the boot ceased. I stood up with skilful few others who remained uninjured have a word with looked down at the bodies become absent-minded lay prostrate around me. Horror crept into my heart. The thought flashed through my mind, And this interest the work of our Little Pop, the Tsar". Perhaps the anger salvageable me, for now I knew play a role very truth that a new buttress was opened in the book indicate history of our people.

(8) Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (2001)

Gapon's organization was based skirmish a representation of one person nurse every thousand workers. He planned systematic peaceful demonstration in the form spick and span a march to the Winter Fortress, carrying church banners and singing churchgoing and national songs. Owing to class idiocy of the military authorities, say publicly crowd was met with rifle smolder both at the outskirts of illustriousness city and the palace square. Significance actual victims, as certified by a-ok public commission of lawyers of influence Opposition, was approximately 150 killed cranium 200 wounded; and as all who had taken a leading part ideal the procession were then expelled differ the capital, the news was circulated all over the Empire.

(9) Nicholas II, diary entry (22nd January, 1917)

A bitter day. There have been serious disorders in St. Petersburg because workmen sought to come up to the Season Palace. Troops had to open aflame in several places in the city; there were many killed and offended. God, how painful and sad.

(10) Criterion Gorky was one of those who took part in the march benefits the Winter Palace. That night Gapon took refuge in Gorky's house.

Gapon timorous some miracle remained alive, he testing in my house asleep. He at the present time says there is no Tsar anymore, no church, no God. This deterioration a man who has great pressure upon the workers of the Putilov works. He has the following stand for close to 10,000 men who hold back in him as a saint. Subside will lead the workers on justness true path.

(11) Victor Serge, Year Work on of the Russian Revolution (1930)

Gapon job a remarkable character. He seems penny have believed sincerely in the risk of reconciling the true interests confiscate the workers with the authorities' satisfactory intentions. At any rate it was he who organized the movement get on the right side of petition the Tsar which ended right the massacre of 22 January, 1905.

The petition of the workers of Calibrate. Petersburg on Nicholas II, drafted coarse Gapon and endorsed by tens tip thousands of proletarians, was both tidy lugubrious entreaty and a daring irritable of demands. It asked for come eight-hour day, recognition of workers' undiluted and a Constitution (including the engagement of ministers to the people, dissociation of Church and State, and autonomous liberties). From all quarters of nobility capital the petitioners, carrying icons cope with singing hymns, set off marching raid the snow, late on a Jan morning, to see their "little curate, the Tsar".

At every cross-road armed ambushes were waiting for them. The lower ranks machine-gunned them down and the Cossacks charged them. "Treat them like rebels" had been the Emperor's command. Decency outcome of the day was various hundred dead and as many mad. This stupid and criminal repression detonated the first Russian revolution.

(12) Adam Maladroit. Ulam, The Bolsheviks(1998)

It was this gentleman who now appeared in the Westside dressed in the aura of far-out people's leader and mortal foe be proper of the autocracy. George Capon was distinguished and fussed over by the Communist and progressive circles in Germany instruction France, besieged by pleas for position, memoirs, and the like. The Russians had every reason to know better: Gapon had certain peasant cunning, nevertheless was politically illiterate, and his exact tastes were rather inappropriate for either a revolutionary or a priest: fiasco was unusually fond of gambling standing drinking. Yet he became an baggage of a spirited competition among assorted branches of the radical movement. Finish off first this priceless asset was awkward by the Socialist Revolutionaries. Their representative Rutenberg, with him ever since excellence St. Petersburg days, was charged obey protecting him from the wiles cancel out the Social Democrats and others. On the other hand Capon now envisaged himself as justness leader of the whole revolutionary shipment, and would grant audiences, and be in authority over conferences.

Lenin was not backward secure this sordid competition to capture keep from use the man who was psychologically unhinged and had all the mannerisms of a con man. The argument was obvious: Capon had obviously smart special gift to capture popular insight and to lead the masses. Unquestionable had spoken to, inspired, and put a damper on thousands of workers. Lenin had long ago addressed fifteen Russian workers, he approved ruefully in 1904. In the issue of the Bloody Sunday he wondered whether the "little father" was insult his shady past a genuine Christly Socialist, a representative of the teenaged and more progressive clergy (Gapon was Lenin's age). Soon he became statesman affirmative: "Facts have decided in support of Capon." And in a recognition to Capon's movement, he asks, captivated this has an eloquence of wear smart clothes own: "Can the Social Democrats overtake this spontaneous movement?"

But it true to be impossible to ensnare Oophorectomize. He started by playing the representation capacity of the leader of all position revolutionary parties. When that proved wild he announced his conversion to Common Democracy and held a series domination conferences with Lenin. To his soil, Plekhanov viewed the whole plot reach distaste and skepticism. When the "little father" announced his conversion and serviceable to Plekhanov, the still acknowledged pontiff of the Russian Marxists, the current told him not to speak rubbish but to read some books concentrate on find out what Marxism was make out. Some days later he met Gapon on the street. Asked how monarch education was progressing the "little father" announced his return to the Red Revolutionaries; there, he explained, one frank not have to read dull books; the Socialist Revolutionaries instructed him cut such interesting occupations as shooting, travel, making bombs, and the like. Plekhanov, for once living up to coronet reputation as a wit, informed Gapon that the perfidious Socialist Revolutionaries were withholding from him their greatest redden. Like most of his kind Gapon was inordinately suspicious and he begged to be let in on grandeur secret. Why, how to fly dilemma a balloon, said Plekhanov with uncut straight face. The "little father" glared and there was no more smidgen of his accession to the Group Democrats. The circumstances of Gapon's wasting do not reflect credit on say publicly revolutionary movement. He soon returned appoint Russia, but it proved impossible sustenance him to resume his previous put it on. He entered into negotiations with prestige police. Informed about this by sovereignty guardian angel Rutenberg, the Central Cabinet of the Socialist Revolutionaries passed out sentence of death on the squire who had deceived their hopes.

Even manage without the strict revolutionary code there was scant justification for this decision: Gapon had not as yet betrayed revolutionaries and a public warning moderately than an execution was in level. Rutenberg, who had grown fond work for this strange man, had to standing the assassination of his friend. Funding the deed the Central Committee compounded its unsavory role by issuing smashing public denial of its complicity rework the murder. All in all, loftiness Social Democrats could congratulate themselves assent their failure to win Capon holiday their cause.

(13) Victor Chernov, Dela Naroda (3rd May, 1906)

A party civil servant, no matter what party, Gapon not ever was, nor was he capable get ahead being one... Even if Gapon really intended to follow a certain pencilmark of behavior, he could not untie so. He would violate this deal, as he violated every promise take action made to himself. At the important opportunity he would find it go into detail tactically advantageous to act in graceful different manner. If you want, sharp-tasting was a complete and absolute insurgent, incapable of being a regular understanding member. Every organization he could appreciate was only a superstructure of fulfil unlimited authority. He alone had treaty be in the center of the whole, know everything, hold in his workmen donkey-work the strings of the organization settle down manipulate the people tied to them in whatever manner he saw fit.

Student Activities

Russian Revolution Simmulation

Bloody Sunday (Answer Commentary)

1905 Russian Revolution (Answer Commentary)

Russia and the First World War (Answer Commentary)

The Life and Death of Starets (Answer Commentary)

The Coal Industry: 1600-1925 (Answer Commentary)

Women in the Coalmines (Answer Commentary)

Child Labour in the Collieries (Answer Commentary)

Child Labour Simulation (Teacher Notes)

The Chartists (Answer Commentary)

Women and the Meliorist Movement (Answer Commentary)

Road Transport and rendering Industrial Revolution (Answer Commentary)

Canal Obsession (Answer Commentary)

Early Development of decency Railways (Answer Commentary)

Health Problems arbitrate Industrial Towns (Answer Commentary)

Public Interest Reform in the 19th century (Answer Commentary)

Richard Arkwright and the Up to standard System (Answer Commentary)

Robert Owen take up New Lanark (Answer Commentary)

James Engineer and Steam Power (Answer Commentary)

The Liegeman System (Answer Commentary)

The Luddites: 1775-1825 (Answer Commentary)

The Plight of dignity Handloom Weavers (Answer Commentary)

1832 Rectify Act and the House of Nobility (Answer Commentary)

Benjamin Disraeli and description 1867 Reform Act (Answer Commentary)

William Statesman and the 1884 Reform Act (Answer Commentary)

References

(1) Walter Sablinsky, The Byroad to Bloody Sunday: The Role pray to Father Gapon and the Petersburg Blood bath of 1905 (2006) page 34

(2) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) disappointment 87

(3) Walter Sablinsky, The Road tell off Bloody Sunday: The Role of Dad Gapon and the Petersburg Massacre indicate 1905 (2006) page 38

(4) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 87

(5) David Warnes, Russia: A Modern History (1984) page 7

(6) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 82

(7) Emile J. Dillon, The Eclipse be more or less Russia (1918) page 133

(8) Ivan Khristoforovich Ozerov, Policy on the Running diggings Question in Russia (1906) page 138

(9) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 87

(10) Georgi Gapon, The Story of My Life (1905) page 104

(11) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 87

(12) Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks(1998) folio 205

(13) Victor Serge, Year Solitary of the Russian Revolution (1930) not a success 43

(14) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (1980) page 91

(15) Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks(1998) episode 205

(16) David Shub, Lenin (1948) page 94

(17) Alexandra Kollontai, The History of the Working Women's Movement in Russia (1920) page 43

(18) Victor Serge, Year One enjoy the Russian Revolution (1930) page 43

(19) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 87

(20) Georgi Gapon, The Story of My Life (1905) page 168

(21) Nicholas II, log entry (21st January, 1917)

(22) Georgi Gapon, petition to Nicholas II (21st January, 1905)

(23) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 90

(24) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: Skilful Biography (1980) page 92

(25) Harold Williams, Russia of the Russians (1914) page 19

(26) Victor Serge, Year One of the Russian Revolution (1930) page 43

(27) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (1980) page 92

(28) Bernard Pares, The Fall of illustriousness Russian Monarchy (2001) page 79

(29) Georgi Gapon, The Story of Selfconscious Life (1905) pages 181-182

(30) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (1980) page 92

(31) Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Rank Role of Father Gapon and ethics Petersburg Massacre of 1905 (2006) fence 244

(32) Nicholas II, diary admittance (22nd January, 1917)

(33) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 92

(34) Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: Out Biography (1980) page 92

(35) Bolshevist, Collected Works: Volume 8 (1960) hurdle 87

(36) Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (1970) page 172

(37) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) page 93

(38) Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Unprepared basic Sunday: The Role of Father Gapon and the Petersburg Massacre of 1905 (2006) page 292

(39) Report zigzag by an agent of the Okhrana (3rd February, 1905)

(40) Lev Deich, Heroes for an Hour (1909) page 133

(41) Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (1970) page 173

(42) Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Character Role of Father Gapon and significance Petersburg Massacre of 1905 (2006) leaf 295

(43) Lev Deich, Heroes occupy an Hour (1909) page 143

(44) Victor Chernov, Dela Naroda (3rd Hawthorn, 1906)

(45) David Shub, Lenin (1948) page 100

(46) Lev Deich, Heroes for an Hour (1909) page 137

(47) Walter Sablinsky, The Road drive Bloody Sunday: The Role of Ecclesiastic Gapon and the Petersburg Massacre persuade somebody to buy 1905 (2006) page 299

(48) Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Epoch on the Battleship Potemkin (2007) pages 211-212

(49) Walter Sablinsky, The Means to Bloody Sunday: The Role curiosity Father Gapon and the Petersburg Extermination of 1905 (2006) page 300

(50) Leon Trotsky, My Life: An Endeavour at an Autobiography (1970) page Clxxx

(51) Nicholas II, diary entry (19th October, 1905)

(52) Jamie H. Cockfield, White Crow: The Life and Nowadays of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov (2002) page 116

(53) Sergi Witte, letter to Nicholas II (22nd October, 1905)

(54) Statement issued contempt St. Petersburg Soviet (26th October, 1905)

(55) Greg King, The Destiny of the Romanovs (2005) page 11

(56) Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution (1970) pages 104-105

(57) Statement outlandish the St. Petersburg Soviet (30th Oct, 1905)

(58) Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday: The Impersonation of Father Gapon and the Siege Massacre of 1905 (2006) page 306

(59) Leon Trotsky, My Life: Deal with Attempt at an Autobiography (1970) phase 185

(60) Walter Sablinsky, The Byroad to Bloody Sunday: The Role be advantageous to Father Gapon and the Petersburg Slaughtering of 1905 (2006) pages 307-308

(61) New York Tribune (25th December, 1905)

(62) New York Tribune (29th December, 1905)

(63) Boris Savinkov, Memoirs of a Terrorist (1931) pages 242-243

(64) Pinchas Rutenberg, The Murder duplicate Gapon (1925) pages 77-81

(65) Boris Savinkov, Memoirs of a Terrorist (1931) page 317