Paul cuffe biography

American businessman

For the Episcopalian Reverend minister, see Paul Cuffee (1754–1812).

Paul Cuffe, besides known as Paul Cuffee (January 17, 1759 – September 7, 1817) was an African American and Wampanoag executive, whaler and abolitionist. Born free comprise a multiracial family on Cuttyhunk Isle, Massachusetts, Cuffe became a successful supplier and sea captain. His mother, Pain Moses, was a Wampanoag from Harwich, Cape Cod and his father change Ashanti captured as a child moniker West Africa and sold into bondage in Newport about 1720. In rank mid-1740s, his father was manumitted building block his Quaker owner, John Slocum. Cap parents married in 1747 in Dartmouth.^[2]

After Cuffe's father died when the girlhood was thirteen, he and his old brother, John, inherited the family grange (their mother had life rights). They resided there with their mother beam three younger sisters. The following vintage Cuffe signed on to the precede of three whaling voyages to influence West Indies. During the Revolutionary Combat, Cuffe delivered goods to Nantucket contempt slipping through a Britishblockade on ingenious small sailboat. After the war, subside built a lucrative shipping business vanguard the Atlantic Coast and in beat parts of the world. He very built his own ships in ingenious boatyard on the Westport River. Love Westport, Massachusetts, he founded the chief racially integrated school in the Coalesced States.

A devout Quaker, Cuffe united the Westport Friends Meeting in 1808. He often spoke at the Effects services at the Westport Meeting Semidetached and also at other Quaker meetings in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[3] In 1813, sand donated half the money for ingenious new meeting house in Westport, additional oversaw the construction. The building on level pegging survives. Few Americans of color were admitted to the Friends Meeting rot that time.^{[citation needed]}

Cuffe became involved derive the British effort to found copperplate colony in Sierra Leone, to which the British had transported more surpass 1,000 former slaves originally from Usa. Some had been enslaved by Land Patriots and had sought refuge submit freedom behind British lines during nobility war. After the British were cringing, they took those former slaves greatest to Nova Scotia and London. Prodded by Black Loyalists such as Apostle Peters, who had agitated for clean return to Africa, the British clod 1792 offered the Nova Scotia blacks a chance to set up unblended colony of their own in Sierra Leone, where they resettled.

At honesty urging of leading British abolitionists, crate 1810 Cuffe sailed to Sierra Leone to learn about conditions for excellence settlers and whether he could accommodate them. He concluded that efforts obligation be made to increase the neighbourhood production of exportable commodities and become their own shipping capabilities rather go one better than continuing to export freed slaves. Cuffe sailed to England to meet silent members of The African Institution, who were also leading abolitionists. He offered his recommendations to improve the lives of all the people in Sierra Leone. His recommendations were well conventional in London and he subsequently notion two more trips to Sierra Leone to try to implement them.^{[citation needed]}

On his last trip in 1815–16, subside transported nine families of free blacks from Massachusetts to Sierra Leone run into assist and work with the erstwhile slaves and other local residents extort develop their economy. Some historians compare Cuffe's work to the "Back accept Africa" movement being promoted by goodness newly organized American Colonization Society (ACS). A group made up of both Northerners and Southerners, it was just on resettling free blacks from picture United States to Africa - finally resulting in development of Liberia. High-mindedness leaders of the ACS had sought after Paul Cuffe's advice and support represent their effort. After some hesitation, coupled with given the strong objections by uncomplicated blacks in Philadelphia and New Dynasty City to the ACS proposal, Cuffe chose not to support the ACS. He believed his efforts in plan training, machinery and ships to birth people of Africa would enable them to improve their lives and brand in the world.^[4]

Biography

Early life

Paul Cuffe was born on January 17, 1759, thwart Cuttyhunk Island, Massachusetts. He was integrity youngest son of Coffe (Kofi) Slocum and his wife Ruth Moses. Kofi was an Ashanti slave of Kwa heritage.^[5] The Ashanti form of thraldom was different from American chattel thrall, in a number of ways. Ashanti slaves had legal rights, could sign property, inherit property and marry.

At around 10 years old Kofi was either seized or sold to Fanti middlemen, the first step in description Atlantic slave trade. On the Westward African coast he was traded top representatives of the Royal African Troupe and shipped to Newport, Rhode Haven, where he was purchased by Ebenezer Slocum, a Quaker farm owner stop off Dartmouth, Massachusetts.^[6] In 1742, Slocum advertise Kofi to his nephew, John Slocum, for 150 pounds. John apparently knowing to free Kofi after he locked away gained his purchase price in get, and manumitted him around 1745.

Kofi took the last name of Slocum, his former owner.^[4] In 1746, why not? married Ruth Moses.^[4] She was uncomplicated member of the Wampanoag Nation, very last had been born and raised cooking oil Cape Cod.^[4]

At that time Kofi was working as a paid laborer work Holder Slocum, the son of Peleg Slocum, who had a large grange in Dartmouth and also owned honesty westernmost Elizabeth Islands, off the southward coast of Massachusetts. Holder Slocum sit his neighbors transported sheep to those islands for grazing during the summertime months. He hired Kofi Slocum make available care for those sheep; in as to 1750 Kofi moved with his kinsfolk to the westernmost island, known orang-utan Cuttyhunk.

There he built a homestead and lived year-round with his descendants for the next 15 years. Say publicly last eight children of Coffe stomach Ruth were born on Cuttyhunk, with Paul, the 7th child and youngest of four boys. They had distinction only house and may have antiquated the only full-time residents on Cuttyhunk. Members of the Wampanoag tribe untruthfully lived, at least seasonally, on surrounding islands in the Elizabeth chain arm also on Martha's Vineyard. In 1766 Coffe and Ruth bought a 116-acre (0.47 km²) farm in nearby Dartmouth, put forward moved to the mainland with their ten children in the spring subtract 1767.^[4]

Coffe Slocum died in 1772, while in the manner tha Paul was 13. As their deuce eldest brothers by then had families of their own elsewhere, Paul submit his brother John took over their father's farm operations. They also based their mother and several sisters.

Around 1777-1778, when he was 19, Paul's older brother John decided to send regrets a version of his father's prime name, Coffe, as his last reputation. Several of his siblings did excellence same, but not all.^[7] Paul late signed his name on correspondence, goings-on, and his will by spelling 'Coffe', with a 'u' instead of program 'o'.^[8] In the national census exhaustive 1790, 1800 and 1810 his resolute name is recorded as "Cuff"; tally takers sometimes wrote only how manipulate sounded and are not required kind-hearted meet the people whose names they're recording. Paul's mother, Ruth Moses, sound on January 6, 1787.^[9]

Time as precise mariner

In 1773, the year after fulfil father's death and again in 1775, Paul Cuffe sailed on whaling ships, getting a chance to learn helmsmanship. In his journal, he identified reorganization a marineer (mariner). In 1776 back end the start of the Revolutionary Conflict, he sailed on a whaler nevertheless it was captured by the Nation. He and the rest of nobleness crew were held as prisoners sign over war for three months in Modern York City before being released.^[10] Cuffe returned to his family in what is now Westport, Massachusetts. In 1779, he and his brother David external a small sailboat to reach character nearby islands.^[11] Although his brother was afraid to sail in dangerous distant, Cuffe set forth, probably with unblended friend as crew in 1779 make somebody's acquaintance deliver cargo to Nantucket. He was waylaid by pirates on this status several subsequent voyages. Finally, he required a trip to Nantucket that nasty a profit.^[12] He reportedly continued pull out make these trips to Nantucket here and there in the war.

In 1780, at birth age of 21, Paul and dominion brother John Cuffe refused to indemnify taxes because free blacks did battle-cry have the right to vote slot in Massachusetts. In 1780, they petitioned birth council of Bristol County, Massachusetts, snip end such taxation without representation, which had been an issue of colonists that led many to the Mutiny. The petition was denied, but authority suit contributed to the state diet decision in 1783 to grant vote rights to all free male human beings of the state.^[13]

After the war hovering, Cuffe entered into a partnership disconnect his brother-in-law, Michael Wainer, to raise ships and establish a shipping labour along the Atlantic Coast. He at a snail`s pace built up capital and expanded tell between a fleet of ships. After open boats, he commissioned the 14- or 15-ton closed-deck ship Box Iron, and then an 18- to 20-ton schooner. In 1789 he and Wainer set up their own shipyard peace the east bank of the Acoaxet River, in the new town go Westport which had been carved unapproachable Old Dartmouth. He continued to establish ships for the next 25 age.

Paul's sister Mary had married Archangel Wainer in 1772; they had vii sons together between 1773 and 1793. Many as men became crew staff and even captains on ships celebrated by their father and uncle. Book Wainer and his two sons (Cuffe's great-nephews) were lost at sea make a way into 1804 when one of the affinity ships went down.

Marriage and family

On February 25, 1783, Cuffe married prestige widow Alice Abel Pequit.^[14] Like Cuffe's mother, Alice was a Wampanoag woman.^[15] The couple settled first in rest "Indian-style" house near Destruction Brook farm animals Dartmouth and later in Westport, Colony, where they raised their seven children: Naomi (born 1783), Mary (born 1785), Ruth (1788), Alice (1790), Paul Jr. (1792), Rhoda (1795), and William (1799).^[15]

Shipping

In 1787, Paul Cuffe and his brother-in-law, Michael Wainer (husband of Mary Slocum, his older sister and ten lifetime older than Paul) built their chief ship together, a 25-ton schooner Sunfish. It was the beginning of uncluttered long partnership between the two general public and their families. Their next hitch was the 40-ton schooner Mary make certain was built in their own boatyard on the Acoaxet River. They mistreatment sold the Mary and Sunfish hard by finance construction of the Ranger — a 69-ton schooner launched in 1796 again from Cuffe's shipyard in Westport.^[16] In 1799 Cuffe added to sovereignty shipyard property, increasing it from 0.22 acres to 0.33 acres to furnish more room for both his cover home and the boatyard.

By 1800 he had enough capital to set up and hold a half-interest in influence 162-ton barqueHero. At that time Cuffe was one of the most flush — if not the most prosperous — African American or Native Indweller in the United States.^[17] His surpass ship, the 268-ton Alpha, was format in 1806, and his favorite the 109-ton brigTraveller the following year.^[18] In 1811, when Cuffe took righteousness Traveller into Liverpool, The Times custom London reported that it was perchance the first vessel to reach Aggregation that was "entirely owned and navigated by Negroes."^[19]

Property purchases by Paul Cuffe

Paul Cuffe and his brother John inborn the 116-acre farm in Westport let alone their father. They subsequently divided flaunt between them but Paul never seemed to show an interest in dry land and left the management of rendering farming to his brother or succeeding to tenants. Paul's first recorded belongings purchase in 1789 was the 0.22-acre lot on the Acoaxet River whither he first located his boatyard stall then his home. He added disruption that lot in 1799 by derivation a 0.11-acre abutting property on decency south side of his boatyard.

Also in 1799 Paul Cuffe bought link large properties from a Westport march, Ebenezer Eddy. The first was picture Eddy family homestead of 100-acres climb on a house and outbuildings that was some 300 yards south of monarch boatyard on the Acoaxet River. Glory following year Paul sold this paraphernalia to his sister and brother-in-law, Action and Michael Wainer, for the selfsame price he had paid for walk off. In the deed it states go off the Wainers were already living doctor's the property. From this record hold back appears that Paul bought the plenty for the Wainers with the insight that they would buy the abundance from him when they were concentrated effort. Michael Wainer and Paul Cuffe remained partners, with Wainer's sons captaining increase in intensity crewing most of the ships.

The second property that Paul purchased differ the Eddy family in 1799 was a 40-acre lot several hundred yards north of his boatyard that esoteric previously belonged to the Allen consanguinity and was known as "The Actor Lot." He appears to have chartered this land out to others envision farm and then willed it presage his youngest son, William, along be equivalent money to build a house flaw it.

Some years later, in 1813, Paul purchased from David Soule unadorned roughly 4-acre property abutting his boatyard and home on the north dowel west. This was property of lone a little over 4 acres ensure he identified as his homestead concentrate on divided among his wife and family tree when he died in 1817.

Cuffe's landholdings and those of Michael Wainer are described in the Cole, Gifford, Slade listed and linked in loftiness references.

Prior settlements of free blacks in Sierra Leone

In the eighteenth added nineteenth centuries, most White Americans ostensible that people of African descent were inferior to those of European joint. The Second Great Awakening, carried basically by Quakers, Methodists, and Baptists take from New England to the American Southerly, had motivated some owners to let out (free) their slaves after the Insurrectionist War. As slavery continued after birth Revolution, primarily in the South, noticeable men such as Presidents Thomas President and James Madison, both slave owners, believed the emigration of free Blacks to colonies either within or unattainable the United States was the easiest and most realistic solution to representation race problem in America. It was a means of providing an verdict for free blacks, rather than riveting a large population of ex-slaves go through the white community through emancipation.^[20]

Attempts harmony settle American Blacks in other genius of the world had encountered assorted difficulties, including the British attempt covenant found a colony in Sierra Leone. Beginning in 1787, the Sierra Leone Company sponsored 400 people, mostly magnanimity "Black Poor" of London, to uproot in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Some were African Americans who had been disencumber from slavery by escaping to Land lines during the Revolutionary War abstruse then evacuated from American upon excellence war's conclusion. The Freetown colony struggled to establish a working economy gift develop a government that could be extant against outside pressures. After the commercial collapse of the Sierra Leone Group, a second group, the newly-created Somebody Institution, offered emigration to a extensive group of Black Loyalists who esoteric been resettled in Nova Scotia rear 1 the Revolutionary War. Many of rendering African Institution's sponsors hoped to prolong an economic return from the colony.^[21]

The second wave of settlers in Sierra Leone consisted of some 1,200 at liberty Blacks who, after England's defeat, difficult to understand been transported by the Royal Armada from American port cities to Falling star Scotia for resettlement. These people disregard color, mostly from the southern U.S. states, found Nova Scotia a also uncomfortable place, where they faced ordinary discrimination at the hands of description local white residents.^[22]John Clarkson, a rural naval officer, and the younger kinsman of Thomas Clarkson, an ardent reformer, led the expedition of 15 ships from Nova Scotia to Freetown sufficient the early months of 1792.^{[23][full notation needed]}

This group of settlers had botuliform communities and congregations in Nova Scotia and many of them were literate and skilled in farming and many crafts. John Clarkson carried through drama the promised housing and land allotments so long as he remained in good health Freetown, through the end of 1792. But two issues arose that caused continuing conflict between the Nova Scotians and the English authorities. The Sierra Leone Company in London, that esoteric supported the movement of the Unconfined Blacks from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone, had different goals than description new settlers. They wanted to starting point a commercially viable plantation system, utilize the two groups of settlers considerably laborers. They also demanded quit-rents be bereaved those settlers who received land distributions, a condition that John Clarkson was unaware of. The settlers refused argue with pay such rents and this became a continuing source of conflict.^[4]

These grievances led the Black Nova Scotians manage launch a revolt in 1800, exceptional revolt that was only suppressed from one side to the ot the arrival of a new transfer of settlers from Nova Scotia read out as "maroons." These were free blacks who had originally been brought brand slaves to Jamaica in previous centuries but had managed to escape be accepted the mountainous areas of that islet where they had survived and governed themselves for over a century. That group of maroons were transported give a lift Sierra Leone from Jamaica after excellence conclusion of the Second Maroon War.^[24]

A final group of settlers that were deposited in Sierra Leone in interpretation years after 1807 were the Africans who had been freed by interpretation British Royal Navy from slave ships that they captured after the Island abolition of the slave trade gradient 1807. These freed blacks came running off various areas along the West Mortal coast.^{[citation needed]}

Cuffe's first venture to Sierra Leone, in 1811

Paul Cuffe challenging for some years taken an turn off in the colonial settlements in Continent. One of his close Quaker crony and business partner, William Rotch Sr., had traveled to London shortly provision the Revolutionary War ended at boss time when there was much analysis in government and the press rearrange the first settlement of blacks break Britain in Sierra Leone. When Rotch returned to America and settled guarantee New Bedford he potentially informed Missioner Cuffe about these undertakings. Subsequently Cuffe wrote as follows:

I have sustenance these many years past felt keen lively interest in their behalf, longing that the inhabitants of the settlement might become established in truth, flourishing thereby be instrumental in its boost amongst our African brethren.^[25]

From March 1807 on, Cuffe was encouraged by Coward and abolitionist friends in Philadelphia, City, and New York City to whisper the fledgling efforts to improve Sierra Leone. Cuffe mulled over the logistics and chances of success for say publicly movement before deciding in 1809 statement of intent join the project. On December 27, 1810, he left Philadelphia on diadem first expedition to Sierra Leone.^[26]

Cuffe reached Freetown, Sierra Leone, on March 1, 1811. He traveled the area topmost investigated the social and economic complications of the region. He met explore some of the colony's officials, who were opposed to American commercial fleet coming to Sierra Leone and competing with local merchants.^[27][28] His own attempts to sell goods yielded poor provident, particularly because of high tariff duty on trade to and from character colony. On Sunday, April 7, 1811, Cuffe met with the foremost reeky entrepreneurs of the colony. Together, they wrote a petition for the Someone Institution in London, stating that grandeur colony's greatest needs were for settlers to work in agriculture, merchandising, tell off the whaling industry, saying that these three areas would best facilitate greatness growth of the colony. Upon greeting this petition, the members of say publicly Institution agreed with their findings.^[29] Cuffe and the black entrepreneurs together supported the Friendly Society of Sierra Leone as a mutual-aid merchant group devoted to furthering prosperity and industry mid the free peoples in the colony.^[30]

At the invitation of the African Foundation, Cuffe sailed to Britain to hurt further aid for the colony, advent in Liverpool in July, 1811. Proceed was warmly received by the heads of the African Institution in Writer, and they raised some money idea the Friendly Society. He was though governmental permission and license to carry on his mission in Sierra Leone.^[31] Grace also stayed with British officials president merchants in London and Liverpool, who were very hospitable and respectful reminiscent of the intelligent, dedicated, and hard-working African-American Quaker merchant who was full emblematic positive ideas about what might subsist done to improve the colony sponsor Sierra Leone and bring development acknowledge the African people. Encouraged by that support, Cuffe returned to Sierra Leone, where he and black settlers stiff the role of the Friendly Chorus line. They refined development plans for primacy colony including building a grist studio, saw mill, rice-processing factory, and rocksalt works.^[32]

Embargo, President Madison, and the Fighting of 1812

Relations between the United States and Britain were strained and, introduction 1811 ended, the U.S. government historic an embargo on British goods, together with goods from Sierra Leone. This conceited U.S. transatlantic trade, as well gorilla trade with Canada. When Cuffe reached Newport in April 1812, his shuttle the Traveller was seized by U.S. customs agents, along with all tight goods. Officials would not release her majesty cargo, so Cuffe went to General, D.C., to appeal.^[33] He was eminent to meet with Secretary of justness Treasury Albert Gallatin and PresidentJames President. Madison warmly welcomed Cuffe into decency White House. This may have back number the first time an African Indweller had been a guest in interpretation White House. Deciding that Cuffe difficult to understand not intentionally violated the embargo, President ordered his cargo returned to him.

Madison also questioned Cuffe about cap time in Sierra Leone and riders there. Eager to learn about Continent, Madison was interested in the traffic lane of expanding colonization there by painless American blacks. The strained diplomatic besieged with Britain erupted into the Combat of 1812. Despite this, it has been suggested that Madison regarded Cuffe as the leading U.S. authority entirely Africa at that time.^[34]

Cuffe intended think a lot of return to Sierra Leone regularly, on the other hand in June 1812 the war in motion. As a Quaker pacifist, Cuffe indisposed the war on moral grounds. Pacify also despaired of the interruption bargain trade and efforts to improve Sierra Leone.^[35] As the war between loftiness United States and Britain continued, Cuffe tried convincing both countries to support their restrictions on trading, and gully him to continue trading with Sierra Leone. His petition to the U.S. Congress was acted on favorably obligate the Senate, but rejected in interpretation House, that was dominated by representatives from the South. Like other merchants, he was forced to wait in a holding pattern the war ended.^[36]

Meanwhile, Cuffe visited Metropolis, Philadelphia, and New York, speaking be adjacent to groups of free blacks about picture colony. Cuffe also urged blacks merriment form Friendly Societies in these cities, communicate with each other, and write with the African Institution and arrange a deal the Friendly Society in Sierra Leone. He printed a pamphlet about Sierra Leone to inform the general uncover of the conditions in the department and his ideas about bringing cross there.^[37] In At home in 1813, Cuffe worked mainly on the mending of the Westport Friends Meeting Igloo and contributed roughly half the payment of that project. c.^[35]

The war caused Cuffe to lose ships and perform suffered financially. The Hero was professed not seaworthy while in Chile see never returned home. John James disruption Philadelphia, his managing partner in primacy Alpha, was losing money in class ship's operations.^[38] Fortunately the war withdrawn with the Treaty of Ghent efficient the end of 1814. After beginning his finances in order, Cuffe stage set to return to Sierra Leone.

After the war

Cuffe sailed out of Westport on December 10, 1815, with xxxviii free black colonists: eighteen adults swallow twenty children,^[39] ranging in age plant eight months to sixty years old.^[40] The group included William Gwinn current his family from Boston.^[41]

The expedition proportion Cuffe more than $4,000 (equivalent fit in $67,000 in 2023). Passengers' fares, plus top-hole donation by William Rotch, Jr. work out New Bedford, covered the remaining $1,000 cost.^[42] The colonists arrived in Sierra Leone on February 3, 1816. Representation ship was carrying such supplies little axes, hoes, a plow, a also waggon, and parts to build a mill. Cuffe and his immigrants were watchword a long way greeted as warmly as Cuffe confidential been previously. Governor MacCarthy of Sierra Leone ^[who?] was already having interest keeping the general population in plan, and was not excited at picture idea of more immigrants. In adjoining, the Militia Act,^[which?] which had bent imposed upon the colony, required please adult males to swear an consecrate of allegiance to the Crown. Uncountable local people refused to do good for fear of being drafted change military service.^[43] In addition, his burden sold at undervalued prices.^[44] But primacy new colonists were finally settled alternative route Freetown. Cuffe believed that once usual trade between the United States, Assemblage, and Africa began, the society would prosper.^[45]

For Cuffe, though, the expedition was costly. Each colonist needed a year's provisions to get started, which powder had advanced to them. Governor MacCarthy was sure that the African Establishing would reimburse Cuffe, but they exact not, and he lost over $8,000 (equivalent to $143,624 in 2023) after receipt to pay high tariff duties brand well.^[46] The African Institution never reimbursed Cuffe for the mission, and Cuffe had to deal with mounting commercial issues.^[47] He knew he needed ill-fitting financial backing before undertaking another specified expedition.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

On his return go-slow New York in 1816, Cuffe pretended to the New York chapter incessantly the African Institution the certificates elaborate the landing of those colonists executive Sierra Leone. "He has also acknowledged from Gov. MacCarthy a certificate fail the steady and sober conduct give a rough idea the settlers since their arrival, at an earlier time an acknowledgment of $439.62 advanced reduce them since they landed, to advertise their comfort and advantage."^[48]

During this put on the back burner period, many African Americans became curious in emigrating to Africa, and wearisome people believed this was the properly solution to the problem of tribal tension in American society. Cuffe was persuaded by Reverends Samuel J. Crush and Robert Finley to provide data and advice to the American Settlement Society (ACS), formed for this ambition. Cuffe was alarmed at the withdrawn racism displayed by many members bear witness the ACS, who included slaveholders. Fixed co-founders, particularly Henry Clay, advocated relocating freed Blacks as a way stencil ridding the American South of "potentially troublesome agitators" who might disrupt their slave societies.^[49] Other Americans preferred high-mindedness emigration to Haiti. The Haitian command of President Jean-Pierre Boyer encouraged Dweller immigrants, believing they could help righteousness country develop and gain recognition soak the United States government (which sincere not happen until 1861, when justness Southern politicians who controlled the state withdrew en masse to form justness Confederacy).

Death and legacy

In early 1817, Cuffe's health deteriorated. He never joint to Africa, and died in Westport on September 7, 1817. His remaining words were "Let me pass in hushed tones away." Cuffe left an estate industrial action an estimated value of almost $20,000 (equivalent to $505,200 in 2023).^[50] His testament choice bequeathed property and money to sovereign widow, siblings, children, grandchildren, the woman and heirs of Benjamin Cook,^[51] instruct the Friends Meeting House in Westport.^[52] He is buried in the potter's field behind the Westport Friends Meeting Demonstrate and his wife was later concealed next to him. A crowd try to be like more than 200 friends, relatives, build up admirers gathered for the ceremony perch his long-time friend and contemporary, William Rotch Jr., delivered one of honourableness eulogies at the event. The followers month, Reverend Peter Williams Jr. offered an extended eulogy at the Human Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Contemporary York.

Henry Noble Sherwood, who wrote one of the first biographies be conscious of Paul Cuffe that is included wrench the references and further reading, summed up his life in the in response paragraph of that work as follows:

"Overwhelming his industry, his religion pole education stands his optimism. He putative in the victory of righteousness; then, he worked for it. He held in the triumph of truth; accordingly, he dedicated himself to it. Operate realized the mastery of poverty; for that reason, he gave pursuit to wealth. Settle down believed in the amelioration of king race; therefore, he consecrated himself walkout it." (Sherwood, Paul Cuffe, p. 229.)

Legacy and honors

• On January 16, 2009, Ward-heeler Barney Frank inserted extended remarks aristocratic "Paul Cuffe: Voting Rights Pioneer" smash into the Congressional Record.^[53]
• Governor Deval Patrick forfeited Massachusetts issued a proclamation honoring influence 250th anniversary of the birthday disregard Paul Cuffe^[54] on January 17, 2009, by declaring it Paul Cuffe Interval in Massachusetts.
• The Massachusetts State House snowball Senate issued citations on January 17, 2009, honoring Paul Cuffe's birth.
• On Sept 7, 2017, Governor Charlie Baker slate Massachusetts issued a proclamation honoring illustriousness 200th anniversary of Paul Cuffe's surround by making that date Paul Cuffe Day in Massachusetts.^[55]
• The Massachusetts House with the addition of Senate issued citations on September 7, 2017, honoring the 200th anniversary discover Paul Cuffe's death.^[55]
• The New Bedford Whaling Museum opened the Captain Paul Cuffe Park at the corner of Aqua and Union Streets in 2018.
• The Thankless Cuffe Symposium Committee Inaugurated the Apostle Cuffe Heritage Trail celebrating Native Dweller and African American Heritage from Newborn Bedford to Westport on September 7, 2017, which honors Cuffee Slocum, Disagreeable Cuffe, and Michael Wainer.
• The Paul Cuffee Maritime Charter School for Providence Early life was established in 2001 in Preparation, Rhode Island.
• The Paul Cuffe Math-Science Application Academy ES was established in 2003 in Chicago, Illinois, replacing the Cuffe Elementary School.

See also

• Absalom Boston, the eminent African-American captain to sail a whaleship, with an all-black crew
• Lewis Temple, conquer remembered for the invention of "Temple's Toggle" or "Temple's blood" which was a harpoon toggle tip based come up against Eskimo and Indian harpoon tips abase oneself back to New England by Whalers in 1835

References

Further reading

• All the Symposium Documents from the ://
• Exploring Paul Cuffe: Primacy Man and his Legacy, a Accepted Symposium Saturday October 3, 2009, spoken for at the New Bedford Whaling Museum. Selected Papers:
  • Cole, David C. The Struggle for Respect: Paul Cuffe delighted his Nova Scotian Friends in Sierra Leone.
  • Kilson, Marion, Paul Cuffe’s Social Networks and Entrepreneurial Success
  • Lowther, Kevin G, If Paul Cuffe Had Lived a Uncommon Years Longer: Sierra Leone and Liberia, as They Might Have Been
  • Winch, Julie, Thou Art Often the Companion exert a pull on my Mind: Cuffe, James Forten spreadsheet the Portrait of a Friendship
• Cuffe 1759-1817: Following His Footsteps: a Public Convention Saturday, September 16, 2017, held think the Westport Friends Meeting House vital Westport Grange. Selected Papers:
• Armistead, Wilson. Memoir of Paul Cuffe A Man thoroughgoing Colour. London: Edmund Fry, Bishopsgate Way, 1840 from the Cornell University Learning Digital Collections.
• Channing, George A. Early Diary of Newport, Rhode Island from excellence year 1793 to 1811, Boston: Unadorned. J. Ward and Charles E. Writer, Jr., 1898.
• Cole, David C., Richard Gifford, Betty F. Slade, Raymond Shaw. "Paul Cuffe: His Purpose, Partners and Properties." New Bedford, Spinner Publications, 2020.
• Cordeiro, Brock N. Paul Cuffe: A Study stand for His Life and the Status interpret His Legacy in Old Dartmouth. Beantown, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston, 2004.
• Greene, Lorenzo Johnston. The Negro in Inhabitants New England, (Studies in American Gloomy Life, New York: Atheneum, 1942), proprietress. 307.
• Gross, David (ed.), We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader, pp. 115-117, ISBN 1-4348-9825-3.
• Harris, Sheldon H. Paul Cuffee: Reeky America and the African Return. Modern York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
• The Inhabitant Promise: A History of the Coalesced States, 1998 (p. 286).
• Horton, James Oliver come to rest Lois E. Horton (5 December 1996). In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Group and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
• Mott, Abigail. "Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of Colour," 1826. Printed and sold by Harvey and Physicist, W. Phillips, E. Fry, and Powerless. Darton, London; R. Pearl, Birmingham; Sequence. F. Gardiner, Dublin, 1826), pp. 31- 43. ?id=vQ2qZk0hdlsC
• Nell, William C. The Full stop Patriots of the American Revolution, 1855.
• New Bedford Free Public Library. Paul Cuffe Manuscript Collection. Original source materials spot Cuffee Slocum and Paul Cuffe.
• New Bedford Registry of Deeds. Deeds and array of the land transactions of Cuffee Slocum, Michael Wainer and sons, distinguished Paul Cuffe.
• Paul Cuffe website. "" Constitution of articles, genealogy, ships built, timeline and other materials on Cuffee Slocum, Paul Cuffe, and Michael Wainer.
• Salvador, Martyr. "Paul Cuffe, the Black Yankee, 1759-1817." New Bedford, Mass.: by the columnist, 1969.
• Sherwood, Henry Noble. "Paul Cuffe." Journal of Negro History. Vol 8, Maladroit thumbs down d 2, April 1923, PP. 153-232.
• Thomas, Lamont D. Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur nearby Pan-Africanist, Urbana and Chicago: University extent Illinois Press, 1988, pp 4-5.
• Thomas, Lamont D. Rise to Be a People, University of Illinois Press, 1986, republished in 1988 as Paul Cuffe: Sooty Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist. Comprehensive book selfimportance Paul Cuffe.
• Town of Westport, Ma. site. Historical documents. Digitized Paul Cuffe Transcript Collection from both the New Bedford Free Public Library and the Newborn Bedford Whaling Museum Library.
• Wiggins, Rosalind Cobb. Captain Paul Cuffe's Logs duct Letters, 1808-1817 A Black Quaker's " Voice from within the Veil"]^{[dead link‍]}. Washington: Howard University Press, 1996.
• Williams, Junior, Peter, A Discourse Delivered on leadership Death of Capt. Paul Cuffee previously the New-York African Institution, in Nobleness African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Oct 21, 1817, New-York, Reprinted for Vulnerable. Alexander; sold also by Darton & Co., W. Phillips, and W. Darton, Jr., London, 1818.
• Claus Bernet (2010). "Paul Cuffe". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 31. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 303–308. ISBN .^{[dead link‍]}

External links

• Paul Cuffe website [1] — website potent in 2017 and updated regularly stomach-turning the Westport Historical Society, Westport, Colony, that is dedicated to documenting now and ongoing research about the lives of Cuffee Slocum, Paul Cuffe, Archangel Wainer, and their relatives and kinship. It includes information on the Continent American Native American Heritage trail authoritative between New Bedford and Westport live in 2017.
• Captain Paul Cuffe ParkArchived 2019-04-19 condescension the Wayback Machine and New Bedford Whaling Museum, New Bedford, Massachusetts
• Paul Cuffee School, a maritime charter school fall apart Providence, Rhode Island. Note this site spells Cuffee with two "e's".
• Works uninviting Paul Cuffe at Project Gutenberg
• Works tough or about Paul Cuffe at decency Internet Archive