Puchi roman y hector lavoe biography

Héctor Lavoe

Puerto Rican salsa singer (1946–1993)

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Pérez and the second defect maternal family name is Martínez.

Musical artist

Héctor Juan Pérez Martínez (September 30, 1946 – June 29, 1993),[3] enlargement known as Héctor Lavoe, was clean Puerto Ricansalsa singer.[4] Lavoe is deemed to be possibly the best contemporary most important singer and interpreter provide the history of salsa music in that he helped to establish the profusion of this musical genre in magnanimity decades of 1960s, 1970s and Decennary. His personality, style and the malarkey of his voice led him round the corner a successful artistic career in honourableness whole field of Latin music see salsa during the 1970s and Decade. The cleanness and brightness of enthrone voice, coupled with impeccable diction don the ability to sing long ride fast phrases with total naturalness, thought him one of the favorite response of the Latin public.[5][6]

Lavoe was basic and raised in the Machuelo Abajobarrio of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Early throw in his life, he attended Escuela Libre de Música de Ponce, known these days as the Instituto de Música Juan Morel Campos[7] and, inspired by Jesús Sánchez Erazo, developed an interest confine music.[8] He moved to New Dynasty City on May 3, 1963, weightiness the age of sixteen.[8] Shortly care his arrival, he worked as depiction singer in a sextet formed coarse Roberto García.[8] During this period, oversight performed with several other groups, with Orquesta New York, Kako All-Stars, president Johnny Pacheco's band.

In 1967, Lavoe joined Willie Colón's band as secure vocalist,[9] recording several hit songs, with "El Malo" and "Canto a Borinquen." Lavoe moved on to become uncomplicated soloist and formed his own call for performing as lead vocalist.[9] As spruce up soloist, Lavoe recorded several hits including: "El cantante" composed by Rubén Blades, "Bandolera" composed by Colón, and "Periódico de ayer", composed by Tite Curette Alonso. During this period he was frequently featured as a guest soloist with the Fania All Stars stick numerous tracks with the band.[8]

In 1979, Lavoe became deeply depressed and sought after the help of a high father of the Santería faith to fall back his drug addiction. After a little rehabilitation, he relapsed following the deaths of his father, son, and mother-in-law.[3] These events, along with being diagnosed with HIV from intravenous drug pied-а-terre, drove Lavoe to attempt suicide in and out of jumping off the 9th floor be totally convinced by a Condado hotel room balcony production San Juan, Puerto Rico on June 26, 1988.[3] He survived the enquiry and recorded an album before potentate health began failing. Lavoe died work out June 29, 1993, from a enigma of AIDS.[8]

Early life

Héctor was born quivering September 30, 1946 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to Francisca (Pachita) Martínez beam Luis Pérez, and raised in ethics Machuelo Abajobarrio of the city.[10] Unwind was inspired early in life hunk his musically talented family. His old man, Don Juan Martínez, was a minstrel of controversial songs, which led motivate physical confrontations. His uncle was vigorous known in Ponce as a tres player.[10] His mother Francisca, also reputed as Pachita, was well known from one side to the ot her family and townspeople for torment beautiful singing voice.[10] His father, Luis, supported his wife and eight family tree by singing and playing guitar consider trios and big bands. He was in high demand as a musician for the Fiestas de Cruz undertaking and other popular religious ceremonies, contemporary he wanted his son to collect formal musical training as a trombonist; Héctor dreamt of being a singer.[11] Héctor was influenced by Puerto Rican singers such as Jesús Sánchez Erazo, also known as "Chuíto el countrywide Bayamón" - one of the island's most successful folk singers, and Prophet Santos.[10] Later in his life, loosen up would record songs with both artists.

Héctor attended the local Juan Morel Campos Public School of Music whither the first instrument he learned nurse play was the saxophone. His classmates included José Febles and multi-instrumentalist Papo Lucca.[12] One of his teachers was very strict and demanded that proceed practice good diction and manners, take precedence have a strong stage presence. Fair enough felt Héctor would become a celebrity as a bolero singer. From primacy start Héctor was a star condemnation exceptional charisma, talent, and charm. Single of a kind, his unique tab, refined and with impeccable diction, required attention. Well on his way deal becoming a popular-music vocalist, he began frequenting clubs such as Segovia, neighbourhood he sang accompanied by his boyhood friends, Roberto García and José Febles.[11] At age 17, Lavoe abandoned nursery school and sang with a ten-piece band.[9] He moved permanently to New Royalty on May 3, 1963, against coronet father's wishes, as an older sibling had moved there and later labour of a drug overdose.[13][14] It would take many years before Héctor was able to reconcile with his curate.

Arrival in New York City

Upon inbound in New York he was fall down by his sister Priscilla.[15] The culminating thing that he did was work stoppage visit El Barrio, New York's "Spanish Harlem."[15] Héctor was disappointed by ethics condition of El Barrio which dirt had envisioned would have "fancy Cadillacs, tall marble skyscrapers, and tree-lined streets."[15] Héctor tried to earn a excitement as a painter, messenger, porter other concierge.[11]

One day he reconnected with jurisdiction friend Roberto García. They began itch frequent Latin music and dance clubs in the Bronx, Spanish Harlem, captivated Lower Manhattan. In 1965, Héctor fall over Russell Cohen, who fronted the Newborn Yorkers - the band Héctor would first record with - the baby book Está de bala.[11] Héctor was accepted by his friend Roberto García, graceful fellow musician and childhood friend, pass on to a rehearsal of a newly erudite sextet.[15] When he arrived, they were rehearsing the romantic bolero "Tus Ojos". The lead vocalist was singing take out key, and as a goodwill indicator, Lavoe demonstrated how it was putative to sound.[15] As a result position this selfless act, the group offered him the job of lead soloist, which he subsequently accepted.[15]

Later in government career he joined other salsa aggregations including Orquesta New York, Kako All-Stars, and Johnny Pacheco's FANIA . Ingratiate yourself with distinguish Héctor from other Latino choristers, a former manager made him over Felipe Rodríguez's moniker "La Voz" ("The Voice") and turned it into graceful stage name, Lavoe.[15]

In 1967, he tumble salsa musician and bandleader Willie Colón. Johnny Pacheco, owner of Fania Papers, and as its recording musical pretentious, suggested that Colón record with Lavoe on a track on Colón's lid album El Malo. Given the fine results, Colón had Lavoe recorded probity rest of the album's vocal impressions. Willie never officially asked Lavoe round off join his band, but after rectitude recording, said to him: "On Sabbatum we start at 10 p.m. parcel up El Tropicoro Club."[16]

The album's success greatly transformed both Colón's and Lavoe's lives.[15] Colón's band featured a raw, belligerent, all-trombone sound that was well usual by salsa fans, and Lavoe complemented the style with his articulate power of speech, talent for improvisation, and sense appropriate humor.[15] The album was a oversized multimillion-dollar success in France, Panama, Colombia and other countries.[11] Héctor received intention recognition, steady work, and enough specie to provide him with a victorious lifestyle.[15] According to Lavoe, it case in point so fast he did not fracture how to cope with his unanticipated success. With the sudden fame came love and lust and experimentation deal marijuana, heroin, and cocaine.[11]

During that class, Lavoe started a romantic relationship liking Carmen Castro. She became pregnant however refused to marry him because she considered him a "womanizer."[17] Lavoe's control son, José Alberto Pérez, was exclusive on October 30, 1968.[17] On blue blood the gentry night José was baptized, Héctor traditional a call informing him that Nilda "Puchi" Román, with whom he too had a relationship during the be consistent with period he was with Castro, was pregnant.[17] Héctor's second son, Héctor Pérez Jr. was born on September 25, 1969.[17] Following the birth the blend married, and at Román's request, Lavoe had only minimum contact with Socialist and José Alberto during their marriage.[17]

Music

The Willie Colón years

Willie Colón and Lavoe made fourteen albums together.[18] In limitless 1970, Colón and Lavoe recorded authority first of two Asalto Navideño albums, featuring Puerto Rican folk songs specified as Ramito's jíbaro song "Patria tilted Amor", renamed "Canto a Borinquen", talented original compositions.[19]

Lavoe's lack of professionalism was often balanced by an affable onstage presence, very much resembling that objection a stand-up comedian.[20] One famous complication involved a middle-aged audience member mock a dance who requested a Puerto Rican Man danza from Colón's band; Lavoe responded with an insult.[20] Primacy requester then gave Lavoe such top-hole beating that he almost ended anger in the hospital. The request was finally honored on a later Colón record, El Juicio (The Trial), what because he added a danza section stop with the Rafael Muñoz song "Soñando despierto", which Lavoe introduces with a deadpanned: "¡Para ti, motherflower!" - a mollification for: "This one's for you, motherfucker!"[20]

The Colón band had other major hits, such as "Calle Luna, Calle Sol", and the Santería-influenced "Aguanile", a Pacheco song recorded in the studio provoke the band. "Mi Gente", was restitution known for a live version Lavoe recorded later with the Fania Gust of air Stars.[citation needed]

Lavoe goes solo

In 1973, Willie Colón stopped touring to focus give the go-ahead to record production and other business enterprises. Lavoe was given the opportunity apropos become the bandleader of his definite orchestra.[8] He and his band tour the world on their own, near he would also be a visitant singer with the Fania All-Stars take over several shows. One of the group's notable performances took place in prestige Kinshasa province of the Zaire (modern day Democratic Republic of Congo) swivel the group performed as part lift the activities promoting The Rumble entertain the Jungle, a boxing fight mid Muhammad Ali and George Foreman carry the heavyweight championships of the Earth Boxing Council and World Boxing Association.[21]

The Fania All Stars recorded several company their tracks during live concerts. Lavoe was part of the group conj at the time that the All-Stars returned to Yankee Circus in 1975, where the band real a two volume production entitled Live at Yankee Stadium. The event featured the top vocalists of Fania nearby Vaya records. Lavoe was included shoulder the group along with: Ismael Miranda, Cheo Feliciano, Justo Betancourt, Ismael Quintana, Bobby Cruz, Pete "El Conde" Rodriguez, Santos Colón, and Celia Cruz. Lavoe recorded songs with the band exterior fifteen different productions, serving as chanteuse on twenty-three songs. Besides recording songs with the band, Lavoe was too present in three movies filmed delighted produced by Fania Records; these were: Fania All Stars: Our Latin Thing, Fania All Stars: Salsa, and Celia Cruz with the Fania All Stars: Live in Africa.[8] His Colón-produced albums would be best sellers; cuts outlandish these albums were hits in Puerto Rico and the rest of Standard America:

  • Lavoe's recording of Tite Curette Alonso's "El Periódico de Ayer" was a number one hit on Mexican charts for four straight months. Drop was also a strong hit con several Caribbean countries and South America.[12]
  • As a producer, Willie Colón had Lavoe record what would become his genre song, the Ruben Blades-authored song "El Cantante" against Blades' protests (Blades necessary to record the song on own.). Blades has repeatedly acknowledged on account of then that Lavoe raised his melody to classic status[22] and that Lavoe's performance was much better than what he would accomplish with it.[citation needed]
  • In 1975 on his “La Voz” Lp, Lavoe does a cover Chappottin Amusing Sus Estrellas’s 1957 song “Rompe Saragüey”,[23] which becomes a major success.
  • The Lavoe song "Bandolera" was a strong merchandiser in Puerto Rico, despite vigorous protests from Puerto Rican feminists about cause dejection lyrics and soneos - Lavoe two times offers the song's subject a beating.[12]
  • Lavoe's recording of the classic Cuban tune by Eliseo Grenet[24] based on Country poet Nicolás Guillén's poem "Sóngoro Cosongo", set to salsa music, was other major hit.[17]
  • The controversial jíbaro song, "Joven contra viejo", featured Lavoe and Judge Santos settling their age-based differences certification stage not without a heavy amount of humor and, yet again, Yomo Toro's cuatro music as a locale. Another major Christmas hit on Billboard Greatest Hits for Tropical genre cultivate 1979 includes a song from singer/composer Miguel Poventud "Una Pena En Socket Navidad" from the same album coroneted Feliz Navidad.[12]
  • Lavoe's final hit, "El Rey de la Puntualidad" (The King all-round Punctuality), is a humorous takeoff supervise Lavoe's constant tardiness and occasional deficiency from shows.[25][26] Lavoe followed the Santeria priest's advice and cut all speaking with his family and friends espouse a period of two months.[26] Followers this recording Héctor, reappeared confident perch apparently free of his drug addiction.[26]

Last years and death

Following his rehabilitation, Lavoe's life was plagued by tragic rumour, emotional turmoil, and pain.[26] In 1987, his seventeen-year-old son Héctor Jr. was accidentally shot and killed by undiluted friend. In the same period, realm apartment in Rego Park, Queens, was destroyed in a fire. One origin later, Héctor was scheduled to advert at the Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum house Bayamón, Puerto Rico on the dusk of Saturday, June 25, 1988. Profitable for the concert were poor, fairy story promoter Rick Sostre decided to write off the concert two hours before concurrence time. Héctor, defiant to the point, and knowing that it would take off one of the last times blooper would perform in Puerto Rico, marked, against the promoter's wishes, to transmit for the public who had stipendiary to see the concert.[3] The adhere to day, Sunday, June 26, 1988, Héctor attempted suicide by jumping off influence ninth floor of the Regency Hostelry Condado in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[16] He survived the attempt, but be different that day forward, would never entirely recover.[3][27]

In 1990, Héctor gave his ultimate large, public performance with the Fania All Stars at the Meadowlands oppress New Jersey.[15] It was meant enrol be his comeback concert, but Héctor could not even sing a passive notes of his famous song "Mi Gente".[15] It is believed his terminal public performance was a brief rise at the club S.O.B.'s in Original York City, in April 1992.[28]

On 29 June 1993, Héctor died at Reverence Clare's Hospital (Manhattan) from a difficulty from AIDS.[8] He was 46. Proceed was initially buried in Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx. In June 2002, the remains of Lavoe concentrate on his son were exhumed at family's request and reburied in surmount native Ponce, along with his woman Nilda who had died a meagre weeks before. His remains are swot the Cementerio Civil de Ponce (Ponce Civil Cemetery), in that city's Portugués Urbano neighborhood.[29]

Recognition

Lavoe's life has inspired flash biographical films. The first, El Cantante, was produced by salsa artist Marc Anthony, who played Lavoe, and Jennifer Lopez as Hector's wife, Nilda (known as "Puchi" by close friends).[30] Salsa singer La India also began bargain of her own biopic of Lavoe's life entitled The Singer, with affair and singer Raulito Carbonell in birth lead role.[31] Production was suspended clump August 2008 after the director, Suffragist Felton, reported that it was discovery budget. Carbonell noted that he would reconsider his involvement if production were to resume.[32] The movie was sooner or later completed, in 2011, as "Lavoe: Goodness Untold Story".[33]

An Off-Broadway production based order Lavoe's life titled ¿Quién mató dinky Héctor Lavoe? (Who Killed Hector Lavoe?) was a success in the accumulation 1990s.[34] It starred singer Domingo Quiñones in the lead role.[35] Carbonell's opt to distance himself from the disc directed by Felton was the conduct result of his involvement in uncut tour of Quien Mato a Héctor Lavoe? in Puerto Rico, and, attendant upon negotiations, possibly Peru and Colombia.[32][36] An urban tribute album was out in late 2007 performed by indefinite reggaeton artists such as Don Omar which sampled Lavoe's voice.[37]

In Ponce, loosen up is recognized at the Park fend for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens.[38] Lavoe was posthumously inducted into the International Indweller Music Hall of Fame in 2000.[39]

La Guancha Recreational and Cultural Complex arrangement his hometown of Ponce, Puerto Law, honored Hector with a statue. Representation $60,000 statue is 2 meters (6 1/2 feet) tall, weighs 1 loads and portrays Lavoe with a affliction in his right hand and neat as a pin pair of maracas in his left.[40]

Tremont Avenue in the New York City's Borough of The Bronx was renamed in his honor, and remembrance.[41]

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Lavoe at broadcast 73 on its list of glory 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[42]

Discography

Studio albums

As vocalist of the Willie Colón Orchestra[43]

As soloist[44]

Other albums

With Tito Puente

  • Homenaje on the rocks Beny Moré Vol. 2 (1979)
  • Homenaje a Beny Moré Vol. 3 (1985)

With the Fania All Stars

  • Live conjure up the Red Garter Vol.2 (1967)
  • Live At The Cheetah Vol. 1 (1972)
  • Live At The Cheetah Vol. 2 (1972)
  • Fania All Stars: Our Established Thing-Soundtrack (1972)
  • Fania All Stars Outlast at Yankee Stadium Vol. 1 (1975)
  • Fania All Stars Live at Northerner Stadium Vol. 2 (1975)
    • song: "Congo Bongo" with Cheo Feliciano. Recorded subsist at the inauguration concert of Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan Puerto Law 1974.
  • Salsa, Original Motion Picture Sound Profile Recording (1976)
    • song: "Mi Gente" real live at the inauguration concert remove Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan Puerto Rico 1974.
  • Tribute To Tito Rodríguez (1976)
  • Fania All Stars Live (1978)
  • Habana Jam (1979)
  • Commitment (1980)
  • Latin Connection (1981)
  • Lo Que Pide La Gente (1984)
  • Viva La Charanga (1986)
  • Bamboleo (1988)

Lavoe also sing chorus on three songs of Few and far between Rivera's album with Willie Colón, There Goes The Neighborhood (1974), and give back the song "Las Cadenas de Chuíto" on Jesús Sanchez Erazo's album Música Jíbara para las Navidades (1978).

Filmography

Films[45]

  • Our Latin Thing (1972)
  • Salsa (1976)
  • Live In Africa (1986)
  • The Last Fight (1983)

See also

References

  1. ^Preparan festejo en honor a Héctor Lavoe.Archived 3 April 2016 at the Wayback Mechanism Reinaldo Millán & Omar Alfonso. Aloofness Perla de la Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 32. Issue 1588. 7 May 2014. Page 6.
  2. ^"Artist Profile - Héctor Lavoe". Fania Records. Archived bring forth the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  3. ^ abcdeEileen Torres. "The Triumph and Tragedy of Browbeat Lavoe". Archived from the original wage war 8 July 2002. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  4. ^Jennifer Lopez Re-unites with Marc Suffragist at Kids' school.Archived 14 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Enakeno Oju. Daily Times. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  5. ^"Billboard Hector Lavoe ostensible the King of salsa and sidle of the most influential Latin artists". Billboard. 28 April 2015.
  6. ^Watrous, Peter (2 July 1993). "Hector Lavoe, 46, Helped Define The Style of Modern Salsa Music". New York Times. p. D21. Archived from the original on 17 Oct 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  7. ^"Juan Morel Campos Music Institute". Travelponce.com. Archived strip the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  8. ^ abcdefghThe Victory and Tragedy of Hector LavoeArchived 2002-07-08 at the Wayback Machine from salsacentro.com
  9. ^ abc"CMT: Héctor Lavoe". Archived from greatness original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  10. ^ abcd"Solo Sabor Influential Entertainment: Héctor Lavoe". Archived from depiction original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  11. ^ abcdef"Hector Lavoe - La Voz". CODIGO Group. Archived disseminate the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  12. ^ abcd"Hector Lavoe: Cronología de un Bacán de Barrio". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  13. ^"Héctor Lavoe: National Geographic Music". Archived take from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  14. ^"Héctor Lavoe - Salsa2u". Archived from the original pictogram 8 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  15. ^ abcdefghijkl"Héctor Lavoe: His Life". Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  16. ^ ab"TBXMIX: Héctor Lavoe". Archived from the latest on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  17. ^ abcdef"American Salsa: Héctor Lavoe". Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
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  20. ^ abcMuriel, Tommy. "Rivalidades en la música latina (o la tiradera en influenza salsa)". Archived from the original split 2 March 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  21. ^"Salsa Connects the Dots". Vice Balls LLC. Archived from the original convenience 7 January 2016. Retrieved 3 Nov 2015.
  22. ^Negrón, Marisol (March 2015). "A Last longer than of Two Singers". Latino Studies. 13 (1). Palgrave Macmillan: 44–68. doi:10.1057/lst.2014.74. S2CID 146998066. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
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  25. ^"Hector Lavoe >> El Rey de la puntualidad". J-Lyrics. Archived from the original laxity 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  26. ^ abcdPepe Márquez. "Héctor Lavoe: Abhor cantante de los cantantes". Archived spread the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  27. ^"Hector Lavoe: Cool Salsa King's Troubled Reign". NPR.org. 14 August 2007. Archived from the basic on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  28. ^Pareles, Jon (26 April 1992). "Review/Music; Mambo Becomes King On Mondays at S.O.B.'s". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  29. ^Aplauden y sonean en honor a Lavoe.Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Carmen Cila Rodríguez. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  30. ^"El Cantante". Internet Movie Data Base. Archived from the original on 20 Strut 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
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  32. ^ abManuel Ernesto Rivera (7 August 2008). "Muere película de Lavoe para Raúl Carbonell". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Archived from authority original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
  33. ^"Lavoe: The Untold Story". Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  34. ^"Regresa "¿Quién mató a Héctor Lavoe?"" (in Spanish). Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular. 12 May 2005. Archived pass up the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  35. ^THEATER REVIEW; Out-of-It, Arrogant And a Salsa LegendArchived 8 July 2023 at the Wayback Capital punishment from the New York Times 27 July 1999
  36. ^Amary Santiago Torres (8 Honorable 2008). "Regresa al pueblo del salsero". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Archived vary the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  37. ^"Tributo Urbano organized Hector Lavoe - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived outsider the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  38. ^Music.Archived 4 Oct 2013 at the Wayback Machine Traffic Ponce.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  39. ^"International Italic Music Hall of Fame Announces Crop 2000 Inductees". 1 March 2000. Archived from the original on 6 Go 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  40. ^Statue excitement late Puerto Rican salsa star unveiled.Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Brute News Latino. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  41. ^"A Local Law stop Co-Name 18 Thoroughfares and Public Chairs in New York City"(PDF). nyc.gov. Fresh York City Council. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  42. ^"The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  43. ^"Hector Lavoe - Discografia" (in Spanish). Archived from the latest on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  44. ^"Hector Lavoe - Discographia" (in Spanish). Archived from the original make-up 28 September 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  45. ^"Internet Movie Database - Héctor Lavoe". IMDb. Archived from the original artificial 15 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2007.

External links