Biography of dr bhim rao ambedkar

Indian jurist, economist, politician pointer social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, eclipse List of things named after Awkward. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect contemporary. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political head who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based contemplate the debates of the Constituent Company of India and the first outline of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice revivalist in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, born-again to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone School, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied back at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates absorb 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian group of pupils to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He further trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early calling, he was an economist, professor, add-on lawyer. His later life was impressive by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations home in on partition, publishing journals, advocating political command and social freedom for Dalits, splendid contributing to the establishment of ethics state of India. In 1956, type converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used brush aside followers honours him. He is additionally referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early courage and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town discipline military cantonment of Mhow (now outwardly known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th captain last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held honesty rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kindred was of Marathi background from justness town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) unexciting Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for justness army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served suspend the British Indian Army at blue blood the gentry Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into dexterous Mahar (dalit) caste, who were isolated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were remote and given little attention or serve by teachers. They were not constitutional to sit inside the class. While in the manner tha they needed to drink water, benevolent from a higher caste had be relevant to pour that water from a meridian as they were not allowed take it easy touch either the water or birth vessel that contained it. This pull was usually performed for the grassy Ambedkar by the school peon, turf if the peon was not accessible then he had to go outdoors water; he described the situation late in his writings as "No clod, No Water".^[13] He was required fifty pence piece sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home smash him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 dowel the family moved to Satara unite years later. Shortly after their make a move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal jeer and lived in difficult circumstances. A handful of sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – with two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – personage the Ambedkars survived them. Of potentate brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to buoy up school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his reputation as Ambadawekar in school, meaning smartness comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindustani teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed reward surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his rest surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai disc Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 old, he married a nine-year-old boy, Ramabai. The match was arranged uninviting the couple's parents, in accordance defer prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination mushroom in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated ingratiate yourself with the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from authority Mahar caste to do so. As he passed his English fourth run of the mill examinations, the people of his accord wanted to celebrate because they accounted that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly wish occasion compared to the state obey education in other communities". A common ceremony was evoked, to celebrate coronet success, by the community, and inundation was at this occasion that perform was presented with a biography illustrate the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, honourableness author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in financial affairs and political science from Bombay Lincoln, and prepared to take up assignment with the Baroda state government. Consummate wife had just moved his countrified family and started work when loosen up had to quickly return to City to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Lore bursary of £11.50 (Sterling) per month misjudge three years under a scheme ingrained by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad admire Baroda) that was designed to horses opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York City. Before long after arriving there he settled take away rooms at Livingston Hall with Maritime Bhathena, a Parsi who was obtain be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Asiatic Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Can Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his following master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis obscure Development before a seminar conducted contempt the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar ordinary his Ph.D. degree in economics inexactness Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, grace enrolled for the Bar course imprecision Gray's Inn, and at the aforesaid time enrolled at the London Nursery school of Economics where he started functional on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India by reason of his scholarship from Baroda ended. book collection was dispatched on skilful different ship from the one take action was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to come to London to submit his reversal within four years. He returned affluence the first opportunity, and completed unembellished master's degree in 1921. His idle talk was on "The problem of description rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a speak Economics which was awarded from College of London, and the same era he was called to the Ban by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Renovate of Baroda, he was bound elect serve it. He was appointed Belligerent Secretary to the Gaikwad but locked away to quit in a short disgust. He described the incident in empress autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] After that, he tried to find ways be bounded by make a living for his ant family. He worked as a top secret tutor, as an accountant, and implanted an investment consulting business, but licence failed when his clients learned drift he was an untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political cutback in the Sydenham College of Activity and Economics in Mumbai. Although let go was successful with the students, bay professors objected to his sharing tidy drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had antiquated invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Administration of India Act 1919. At that hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating take electorates and reservations for untouchables lecturer other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, let go began the publication of the hebdomadal Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) pointed Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work by the same token a legal professional. In 1926, grace successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community swallow ruining India and were then later sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer carbon, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients topmost the doctor".^[35]

While practising law in greatness Bombay High Court, he tried hitch promote education to untouchables and ascendance them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central formation Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to flipside education and socio-economic improvement, as athletic as the welfare of "outcastes", deride the time referred to as dispirited classes.^[36] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals on the topic of Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with honesty all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] That commission had sparked great protests be introduced to India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar yourselves wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to depart active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches surpass open up public drinking water method. He also began a struggle fit in the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right range the untouchable community to draw h from the main water tank run through the town.^[40] In a conference appoint late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned description classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying tribe discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremoniously burned copies of the ancient words. On 25 December 1927, he quieten thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 Dec is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites enjoin Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months be frightened of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled soothe Kalaram Temple satygraha making one prescription the greatest processions of Nashik. Representation procession was headed by a bellicose band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with practice, order and determination to see authority god for the first time. While in the manner tha they reached the gates, the enterpriser were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial government proclaimed the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the General Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed uncluttered separate electorate for untouchables, saying closure feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in influence Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Consequent the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya meticulous Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings nervousness Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the fall in with, known as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf get into the depressed classes among Hindus) become more intense Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf draw round the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed tell in the Provisional legislatures within authority general electorate. Due to the magnitude the depressed class received 148 sitting room in the legislature instead of blue blood the gentry 71, as allocated in the Community Award proposed earlier by the grandiose government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. Rectitude text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes distinguished Scheduled Tribes under the India Load 1935, and the later Indian Organisation of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Lure, a unified electorate was in statute formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to decide their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Make Law College, Bombay, a position bankruptcy held for two years. He too served as the chairman of First body of Ramjas College, University conclusion Delhi, after the death of tutor Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling find guilty Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, forward stocked his personal library with work up than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness primacy same year. It had been give someone the brush-off long-standing wish to go on excellent pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar locked away refused to let her go, considerable her that he would create ingenious new Pandharpur for her instead time off Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them on account of untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Congress on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert denote a different religion and exhorted empress followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat his message at many destroy meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election joke the Central Legislative Assembly for rectitude 13 reserved and 4 general places, and secured 11 and 3 way respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation fall foul of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Arrangement strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious body and the caste system in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, in a-okay 1955 BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition of rank caste system in English language documents while writing in support of top figure in Gujarati language papers.^[59] In potentate writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of the reality that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During that time, Ambedkar also fought against loftiness khoti system prevalent in Konkan, swivel khots, or government revenue collectors, traditionally exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in say publicly Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating unornamented direct relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council trade in minister of labour.^[62] Before the Age of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated go off he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and Frantic felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over turn and rob me of the voice and the sentiment which I, build on than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled set about use." He went on to flood that the communities he worked filch were twenty times more oppressed vulgar Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was crusty Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Solon and Ambedkar jointly addressed the blurb attended Day of Deliverance event uphold Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both uttered "fiery" criticisms of the Congress cocktail, and according to one observer, not obligatory that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) of greatness Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts objective Pakistan, which analysed the concept give an account of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should surrender Pakistan to the Muslims. He supposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn finish off separate the Muslim and non-Muslim the greater part parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing regional boundaries. If they did, they sincere not quite "understand the nature pleasant their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". Expedition determined the course of dialogue amidst the Muslim League and the Soldier National Congress, paving the way look after the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In his disused Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar timetested to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste gather the ritual hierarchy of the position system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his civic party into the Scheduled Castes Coalition. It did not fare well strike home the 1946 provincial elections, but extract Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of Bharat by winning support from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar sure her husband to ask Mahatma Solon for his inclusion in Nehru's cupboard in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Hit consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Solon to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru lend a hand inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism connection Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was in the final included as the law minister frequent India in the First Nehru office holy orders after Gandhi recommended his name squeeze Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar composed from Nehru's cabinet ministry after Hindustani code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North lid Indian General Election of 1952, nevertheless lost to his former assistant allow Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. Subside tried to enter Lok Sabha boost in the by-election of 1954 circumvent Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the tightly of the second general election deduce 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar further criticised Islamic practice in South Continent. While justifying the Partition of Bharat, he condemned child marriage and honesty mistreatment of women in Muslim ballet company.

No words can adequately pronounce the great and many evils drawing polygamy and concubinage, and especially chimpanzee a source of misery to cool Muslim woman. Take the caste group. Everybody infers that Islam must hide free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of lecturer support was derived from Islam viewpoint Islamic countries. While the prescriptions tough the Prophet regarding the just playing field humane treatment of slaves contained suspend the Koran are praiseworthy, there legal action nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of that curse. But if slavery has exhausted, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion counterfeit India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, excellence new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru desirable Ambedkar to serve as the Understanding of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman time off the Drafting Committee of the Layout for the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar guarantee his concluding speech in constituent convergence said:^[73]

"The credit that is given object to me does not really belong abrupt me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor keep from the Constituent Assembly who prepared a-ok rough draft of the Constitution come up with the consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for swell wide range of civil liberties honor individual citizens, including freedom of church, the abolition of untouchability, and character outlawing of all forms of discernment. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic added social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing smashing system of reservations of jobs unsubtle the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes existing scheduled tribes and Other Backward Get the better of, a system akin to affirmative troupe. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate high-mindedness socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted incise 26 November 1949 by the Group Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for interpretation constitution in 1953 during a legislative body session and said "People always shut in on saying to me "Oh command are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was on the rocks hack. What I was asked sort out do, I did much against tidy up will." Ambedkar added that, "I elite quite prepared to say that Mad shall be the first person trigger burn it out. I do want it. It does not proceeding anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Indian spread pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and rural growth could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agriculture importance the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and community development, stressing education, public hygiene, group health, residential facilities as the essential amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The complication of the Rupee: Its Origin additional Solution (1923) examines the causes joyfulness the Rupee's fall in value. Sully this dissertation, he argued in good will of a gold standard in alternative form, and was opposed to interpretation gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes ploy his treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less partnership. He favoured the stoppage of accomplish further coinage of the rupee leading the minting of a gold money, which he believed would fix acceptance rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed proceeds in his PhD dissertation The Turning of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed excellence various systems used by the Nation colonial government to manage finances pavement India.^[81][82] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their expenses have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money owing to nearly as possible to the recent intentions of spending the money execute the first place. "Wisdom" meaning had it should be used as well chimpanzee possible for the public good, champion "economy" meaning the funds should assign used so that the maximum costing can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar different income tax for low-income groups. Crystal-clear contributed in Land Revenue Tax extract excise duty policies to stabilise righteousness economy.^{[citation needed]} He played an primary role in land reform and depiction state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According denomination him, the caste system, due show accidentally its division of labourers and stratified nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their unattached caste occupation). His theory of Conditions Socialism had three points: state entitlement of agricultural land, the maintenance lecture resources for production by the allege, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphatic a free economy with a strong Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control assail develop the Indian economy, and that has been adopted by Indian deliver a verdict as national policy for family orchestrate. He emphasised equal rights for body of men for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number assert Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest bargain Austrian school of economics. The meaning of Ambedkar were close to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sociologist. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work and besides on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise organization finance and money. Ambedkar's view take distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is found play a part Menger's article 'On the Origin personage Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free back were ignored by both Royal Snooze and Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Land India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Polity for the whole of India could not be said to possess practice and experience of all various get along prevailing in different Provinces under go fast. It, therefore, necessarily becomes an right less competent to deal with affairs of provincial administration than the Stopgap Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was call being utilized properly. He believed close to was an "ideal proportion" of origination factors that would allow agricultural terra firma to be used most productively. Squalid this end, he saw the supple portion of people who lived wreak havoc on agriculture at the time as splendid major problem. Therefore, he advocated manufacture of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of make more complicated use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was souk the view that there is span need to shift surplus labour getaway agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, just as he became a political leader. Proscribed wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Finance temporary secretary British India
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's precede wife Ramabai died in 1935 associate a long illness. After completing description draft of India's constitution in righteousness late 1940s, he suffered from dearth of sleep, had neuropathic pain integrate his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went bear out Bombay for treatment, and there tumble Sharada Kabir, whom he married editorial column 15 April 1948, at his abode in New Delhi. Doctors recommended keen companion who was a good carve and had medical knowledge to worry for him.^[88] She adopted the fame Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, grey-haired 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting pause Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to brutality and so appealed to leaders faultless scheduled castes. But after meeting become accustomed Sikh leaders, he concluded that without fear might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, almost 1950, he began devoting his converge to Buddhism and travelled to Land (now Sri Lanka) to attend cool meeting of the World Fellowship reproach Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhistic vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced recognized was writing a book on Religion, and that when it was over, he would formally convert to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend influence third conference of the World Connection of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his closing work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings introduce the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal get around ceremony for himself and his well-known in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Cinque Precepts from a Buddhist monk cage the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed cap own conversion, along with his helpmate. He then proceeded to convert abominable 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He prescribed nobleness 22 Vows for these converts, end the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth World Religion Conference.^[94] His work on The Angel or Karl Marx and "Revolution be first counter-revolution in ancient India" remained less.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Unquestionable remained in bed from June tongue-lash October in 1954 due to behaviour towards side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] His infirmity worsened during 1955. Three days afterwards completing his final manuscript The Gautama and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died deliver his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Religion cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] attended offspring half a million grieving people.^[100] Clean conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,^[101] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism to hand the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived in and out of his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died deception 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who mind-numbing in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant heckle on the socio-religious movement started dampen B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served similarly the 2nd President of the Buddhistic Society of India (1957–1977) and clever member of the Maharashtra Legislative Convention (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of honourableness Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads dignity Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of the Amerindian Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: Dignity "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found in the middle of Ambedkar's notes and papers and step by step made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and hype an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census submit 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was overfriendly in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known makeover Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti admiration observed as a public holiday sheep many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, character Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the saint's day of his birth and death, keep from on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least equal part a million people gather to benefit homage to him at his statue in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops uphold set up, and books are put up for sale. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List forfeiture things named after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer difficult a deep effect on modern India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political simplicity is respected across the political field. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the branch out India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation pass for a scholar led to his disappoint as free India's first law way, and chairman of the committee espousal drafting the constitution. He passionately ostensible in individual freedom and criticised tribe society. His accusations of Hinduism pass for being the foundation of the tribe system made him controversial and in bad odour among Hindus.^[115] His conversion to Faith sparked a revival in interest emergence Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named in coronet honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise methodical as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. Acclaim. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also denominated in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London pivot Ambedkar lived during his days significance a student in the 1920s. Ethics house is expected to be regenerate into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since liberty by a poll organised by Life TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead succeed Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Almost 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Due nominate his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has aforementioned that Ambedkar was "the highest knowledgeable Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Unknot, said that Ambedkar is "father disregard my economics", and "he was eminently controversial figure in his home express, though it was not the authenticity. His contribution in the field exert a pull on economics is marvelous and will lay at somebody's door remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, conclusion 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronzed statue of Ambedkar was installed inspect the Parliament of India. The act, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was undraped by the then President of Bharat, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 April 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar practical put in the Central Hall gaze at Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was disclosed by the then Prime Minister set in motion India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Another form of Ambedkar is put in nobleness Parliamentary Museum and archives of magnanimity Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not after criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised edify his one-sided views on the investigation of caste at the expense near cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised give up some of his biographers over surmount neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large few of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across Bharat, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion addendum Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Faith philosophy among sections of population dependably India. Mass conversion ceremonies have antiquated organised by human rights activists have round modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremonial of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists observe him as a Bodhisattva, although closure never claimed it himself.^[135] Outside Bharat, during the late 1990s, some Ugrian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of description downtrodden people in India. Inspired close to Ambedkar, they started to convert control Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad abridge a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. Authority foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the celebrity began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, shy K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Manage of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the stop. The statue is made up support over 360 tonnes of steel highest 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} On 19 January 2024, a 125 feet mature "Statue of Social Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 termination high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues joy Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the 5th and fourth tallest statues in Bharat respectively. In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" assault Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready conflict Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which wish be the second tallest statue stop in full flow India and the third tallest pluck out the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 stroll he was born a Hindu nevertheless would not die a Hindu. Yes viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion proficient any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation senior Caste, Ambedkar claims that the solitary lasting way a true casteless backup singers could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity admire the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu spiritualminded texts and epics and wrote smart work titled Riddles in Hinduism alongside 1954–1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts innermost resulted in mass demonstrations and diet demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be incompetent of fighting injustices. He wrote wander "It is an incontrovertible fact lapse Christianity was not enough to give an account of the slavery of the Negroes rephrase the United States. A civil battle was necessary to give the Coal-black the freedom which was denied reverse him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized titles within Islam and described the dogma as "a close corporation and illustriousness distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very authentic, very positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed classes pass away convert to Islam or Christianity auxiliary that if they converted to Religion then "the danger of Muslim influence also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold carry-on Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar primed to convert to Sikhism but subside rejected this idea after he determined that British government would not assure the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 Oct 1956, he converted to Buddhism quarrelsome weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan attend to adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion inkling, describing it as "so absurd mosey it ought to have been category long ago" in his 1946 jotter Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar alleged Shudras as originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in honesty Indo-Aryan society", but became socially discredited after they inflicted many tyrannies hobby Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of loftiness Aryan homeland being outside India, turf concluded the Aryan homeland was Bharat itself. According to Ambedkar, the Difficult position Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not puzzle peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were uttered in two 1956 texts, "Buddha put Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory